Aged Bronze

aged bronze

Bronze Metal and Bronze Casting Described

Bronze Casting has been practiced for centuries. Many civilizations have used this alloy for weapons, sculptures, and general pieces of hardware. The popular way to cast bronze is the Lost Wax Casting process which was first used sometime in the 3000 BC near ancient Sumeria. The Lost Wax process is still used to this day and its modern equivalent Investment Casting is very popular with jewelry makers.

Bronze is the preferred alloy for metal working artists as it's relatively easy to work with and resistant to corrosion. The properties of bronze tend to be stronger than most other alloys, except of course for steel, and lends itself easily to the molding and casting process. Many small foundries like the kind that can be found in a backyard or workshop find that bronze is a great material to work with and with a melting point of 1,700 Fahrenheit or about 925 Celsius many homemade furnaces are able to melt down the bronze quickly and efficiently.

Many modern day artists create their own furnaces with the metal casting in mind. These metal casters employ the Lost Wax Casting method which proves to be the best when dealing with the alloy. The Lost Wax Casting is making an original of the sculpture from wax and then creating a mold using this original. Often times the original is lost during the mold making process so keep that in mind if you want to hang on to the original for whatever reason. Molten wax is poured into the mold which is chased or smoothed of imperfections. During this point, any other pieces are attached and small wax tubes are placed into the piece. These tubes will be how the molten bronze is going to travel into the piece replacing wax with the alloy. When this is complete the artist will create a ceramic shell around the wax model. This shell will help form the molten bronze which will melt the wax. When the molten bronze is poured the bronze takes place of the wax. Afterwards, the artist will crack the shell and reveal the bronze piece. This method allows the transfer of very exact detail from the wax to the bronze.

Patina is added to the figure at the artist's discretion. The Patina is a chemical that when applied to bronze creates colors and makes the bronze take an aged look. The Patrina compounds used depends on the type of color desired. Ferric Nitrate will make the bronze take on a red or brown color while Sulphurated Potash will make black and Cupric Nitrate will create blue and green. Modern day artists choose to go with a very high polished bronze instead of using these compounds. This step depends solely on the artist’s taste and the look they are going for.

Bronze casting will remain a popular medium until another alloy is developed that exhibits properties that are easier to manage and are more resistant to corrosion. Casting the alloy is easily done so metal casters that want to experiment are encouraged to do so. Making anything from small figurines, large sculptures, and even cabinet handles can be accomplished with the use of bronze. The only limitations in bronze casting are with the caster himself.

About the Author

Go to Metal Casting Zone to get your free ebook on Metal Casting at http://www.metalcastingzone.com. Metal Casting Zone also has a Metal Casting Forum, Metal Casting Information, and a Metal Casting Blog that can all be found at http://www.metalcastingzone.com. Go to http://www.metalcastingzone.com to see the latest information on Metal Casting that has been added.

Does the Silence Cause Bone Ageing? in the Three Religions

Before dealing with the topic of the bones in Quran versus Bible versus Sciences, it is essential to give some statistical hints. The total words in the Bible are 788,280 while total words in the Quran are 77,473. It follows that, the Bible is more than 10 times the Quran word-wise. In other words, the Bible has the potential of more than 10 times than the Quran to exhibit its topics.

Back to the bones, it is mentioned 92 times in the Bible and 12 times in the Quran, i.e. the Bible mentions the bones more than seven times than the Quran does.

The Bones in the Bible:

There are many points concerning the bones that are found in the Bible but are not present in the Quran. There are two important subjects in respect to the bones are present in both the Bible and the Quran.

And there is one big heading that is present in the Quran but not found in the Bible.

The points that are found in the Bible but are not in the Quran are many and they are:

Whoever touches a bone shall be unclean seven days.

Numbers 19:16

Whoever in the open field touches one who is slain by a sword or who has died, or a bone of a man, or a grave, shall be unclean seven days.

Numbers 19:18

A clean person shall take hyssop and dip it in the water, sprinkle it on the tent, on all the vessels, on the persons who were there, or on the one who touched a bone, the slain, the dead, or a grave.

Do teeth have skin?

Job 19:20

My bone clings to my skin and to my flesh, And I have escaped by the skin of my teeth.

the sound of groaning causes the bones to cling to skin.

Psalm 102:5

Because of the sound of my groaning My bones cling to my skin.

The dishonor wife is like rottenness in bones.

Proverbs 12:4

An excellent wife is the crown of her husband, But she who causes shame is like rottenness in his bones.

A crushed spirit dries up the bones

Proverbs 17:22

A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones.

What does break a bone?

Proverbs 25:15

By long forbearance a ruler is persuaded, And a gentle tongue breaks a bone.

Burning of human bones is described many times

1 Kings 13:2

Then he cried out against the altar by the word of the LORD, and said, “O altar, altar! Thus says the LORD: ‘Behold, a child, Josiah by name, shall be born to the house of David; and on you he shall sacrifice the priests of the high places who burn incense on you, and men’s bones shall be burned on you.’”

2 Kings 23:16

As Josiah turned, he saw the tombs that were there on the mountain. And he sent and took the bones out of the tombs and burned them on the altar, and defiled it according to the word of the LORD which the man of God proclaimed, who proclaimed these words.

2 Kings 23:20

He executed all the priests of the high places who were there, on the altars, and burned men’s bones on them; and he returned to Jerusalem.

2 Chronicles 34:5

He also burned the bones of the priests on their altars, and cleansed Judah and Jerusalem.

How bones look like?

Job 40:18

His bones are like beams of bronze, His ribs like bars of iron.

Fever burns the bones

Job 30:30

My skin grows black and falls from me; My bones burn with fever.

He can count all of his bone

Psalm 22:17

I can count all My bones. They look and stare at Me.

The silence causes bone ageing

Psalm 32:3

When I kept silent, my bones grew old Through my groaning all the day long.

The sin leads to unhealthy bone

Psalm 38:3

There is no soundness in my flesh Because of Your anger, Nor any health in my bones Because of my sin.

bones are burned like a hearth.

Psalm 102:3

For my days are consumed like smoke, And my bones are burned like a hearth.

The body contains water but the bones contain oil

Psalm 109:18

As he clothed himself with cursing as with his garment, So let it enter his body like water, And like oil into his bones.

Pleasant words lead to unhealthy bone

Proverbs 16:24

Pleasant words are like a honeycomb, Sweetness to the soul and health to the bones.

Bones shall flourish like grass

Isaiah 66:14

[The Reign and Indignation of God] When you see this, your heart shall rejoice, And your bones shall flourish like grass; The hand of the LORD shall be known to His servants, And His indignation to His enemies.

The two important subjects that is present in the Bible and the Quran.

1-a) The revival of the dead in this life in the Bible

Ezekiel 37:1 (You better read all the chapter 37)

[The Dry Bones Live] The hand of the LORD came upon me and brought me out in the Spirit of the LORD, and set me down in the midst of the valley; and it was full of bones.

Ezekiel 37:3

And He said to me, “Son of man, can these bones live?" So I answered, “O Lord GOD, You know.”

Ezekiel 37:4

Again He said to me, “Prophesy to these bones, and say to them, ‘O dry bones, hear the word of the LORD!

Ezekiel 37:5

Thus says the Lord GOD to these bones: “Surely I will cause breath to enter into you, and you shall live.

Ezekiel 37:7

So I prophesied as I was commanded; and as I prophesied, there was a noise, and suddenly a rattling; and the bones came together, bone to bone.

Ezekiel 37:11

Then He said to me, “Son of man, these bones are the whole house of Israel. They indeed say, ‘Our bones are dry, our hope is lost, and we ourselves are cut off!’

1-b) The revival of the dead in this life in the Quran:

Surah 2: 259 Or (take) the similitude of one who passed by a hamlet, all in ruins to its roofs. He said: "Oh! how shall Allah bring it (ever) to life, after (this) its death?" But Allah caused him to die for a hundred years, then raised him up (again). He said: "How long didst thou tarry (thus)?" He said: "(Perhaps) a day or part of a day." He said: "Nay, thou hast tarried thus a hundred years; but look at thy food and thy drink; they show no signs of age: and look at thy donkey; and that We may make of thee a Sign unto the people, look further at the bones, how We bring them together and clothe them with flesh!" When this was shown clearly to him, he said: "I know that Allah hath power over all things."

2-a) Bone formation in the fetus in the Bible:

In the Bible

Ecclesiastes 11:5

As you do not know what is the way of the wind, Or how the bones grow in the womb of her who is with child, So you do not know the works of God who makes everything.

2-b) Bone formation in the fetus in the Quran:

Surah 23: 14

Then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that clot We made a (fetus) lump; then We made out of that lump bones and clothed the bones with flesh; then We developed out of it another creature. So blessed be Allah, the Best to create!

The embryo is a boneless lump. Its cartilage tissue is transformed into bones in due time, as stated in the Quran, followed by their being clothed in muscular flesh. This process was unknown 1400 years ago. It was believed that the bones and muscles developed simultaneously. Sophisticated microscopes and micro cameras introduced into the uterus corroborated once again the truth expressed in this verse.

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The Bones in the Quran:

The big issue that is present in the Quran but is not found in the Bible in when talking about the bones

The revival of the dead in the afterlife

(Surah 17: 49) They say: "What! when we are reduced to bones and dust, should we really be raised up (to be) a new creation?"

(Surah 17: 98) That is their recompense, because they rejected Our Signs. And said, "When we are reduced to bones and broken dust, should we really be raised up (to be) a new Creation?

(Surah 23: 35) "Does he promise that when ye die and become dust and bones, ye shall be brought forth (again)?

(Surah 23: 82) They say: "What! When we die and become dust and bones, could we really be raised up again?

(Surah 36: 78) And he makes comparisons for Us, and forgets his own (origin and) Creation: he says, "Who can give life to (dry) bones and decomposed ones (at that)?"

(Surah 36: 79) Say, "He will give them life Who created them for the first time! for He is well-versed in every kind of creation!

(Surah 37: 16) "What! when we die, and become dust and bones, shall we (then) be raised up (again)?

(Surah 37: 53) "`When we die and become dust and bones, shall we indeed receive rewards and punishments?'"

(Surah 56: 47) And they used to say, "What! when we die and become dust and bones, shall we then indeed be raised up again?

(Surah 75: 3) Does man think that We cannot assemble his bones?

(Surah 79: 10) They say (now): "What! Shall we indeed be returned to (our) former state?

(Surah 79: 11) "What! When we shall Have become rotten bones?"

(Surah 79: 12) They say: "It would, in that case, be a return with loss!"

Then, take care of that day hoping that your return in the afterlife is not a loss.

Back to the main topic of my series of articles, this is my question to you smart readers: "Is the Quran quoted from the Bible "?

About the Author

Professor Dr. Ibrahim Khalil
Prof. of Clinical and Chemical Pathology,
Head of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control Unit,
Ain-Shams University. Cairo, Egypt.
And,
President of the Egyptian Society of Inventors.
Member of the Egyptian union of Writers

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